Theories of motivation models early theories contemporary theories human relations model scientific mgmt content theories process theories ma s lows need hierarchy theory herzberg two factor theory alderfers erg theory achievement motivation theory. Since the goods and services provided to tourists are really inputs to the process of producing the experience, demand for these. We have appreciated earlier the importance of motivation in determining human behaviour. Porters model adams equity theory vrooms expectancy theory goal setting theory mcgregor x and y. Theories of motivation is the concept of needs and they are seen as the forces that arouses motivated behaviour and to best understand what motivates people, it is useful to discover the needs they have and how these needs can be fulfilled. Theory desi 1971 has suggested that is situations in which individuals are experiencing a high level of intrinsic motivation, the addition of extrinsic rewards for good performance may decrease intrinsic motivation. Motivation is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological need that. There are many competing theories, which attempt to explain the nature of motivation. This movement evolved into a travel based on the time needed to move or shift ones self. Theories within tourism can be difficult, even confusing areas to understand.
Motivation refers to the reasons underlying behavior guay et al. Barbra bukenya and sini luostari problems faced by a new. Nature and characteristics of the expectancy theory the expectancy theory of motivation as developed by victor vroom is a process theory of motivation and it finds an important place in the literature of motivational theories. A tourist who seeks new experiences and adventure in a wide. The expectancy theory looks at motivation in a more comprehensive and realisticthan some of the other theories. Stanley plog s model of allocentricity and psychocentricity, a seminal tourism model, has been widely cited in the tourism literature and is included in virtually every hospitality and tourism text. Top 5 motivation theories free ebook in pdf format. Plogs psychographic classification of tourists and travel. Pdf revisiting plogs model of allocentricity and psychocentricity. Tourist motivations explain the factors in which influence a tourist to travel. The factors of motivation can be categorized into two types. Cohens explorers would most likely fit within plog s allocentric classification. Modeling isoaholas motivation theory in the tourism. Pdf plogs model of personalitybased psychographic traits in.
Plog, why destination areas rise and fall in popularity, cornell hotel andrestaurantadministration quarterly, vol. Ogilvie 1933, for example, saw typologies, such as the one devised by plog, are based on asking. The model suggests that lower needs in the order of hierarchy warrant priority attention and satisfaction maslows idea of prepotency. Motivation, employee satisfaction, behavior, personality type, goal created date. The most cited theories in tourism researches, psychographic types of. The study specially wanted to define the role of factors associating in individual theories of motivation for motivating consumers to buy or not to buy from a retail store. According to plog, destinations rise and fall in popularity because they appeal to specific types of tourists over time, and follow a relatively predictable pattern. Many psychologists have developed motivational theories in terms of human needs or motives, while most management scholars have developed managerial theories in terms of incentives or inducements riggio, 2014. Plog classifies tourists into three categories as described below.
This study of travelers vacation histories seeks to add to. Consisting of five sections and over fifty entries, this book covers nine of the most important models in. Tourist typologies a theoretical intr oduction to tourism. Nevertheless, they remain as key theories in relation to tourism motivation, although both are largely descrip. This individual is friendly and fearless in conduct. The following list presents many travel motivations. According to plog, destinations rise and fall in popularity because they appeal to specific types of tourists over time. The hierarchy of needs proposed by maslow can be represented as under. Despite these differences in travel motivations among the psychographic.
Plogs psychographic classification of tourists and travel motivation are given below. Within the spectrum of psychographic personality types a tourist can either be classified as a dependable or venturer plog, 2001. Organization is a relatively young science in comparison with the other scientific disciplines. Several practical implications of expectancy theory are described next. In proportion to this theory, the most fundamental difference is between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Abraham harold maslow was born in brooklyn, new york on april 1, 1908 and died on june 8, 1970. Stanley plog s psychographics model was introduced in 1967 and has been widely accepted by various researchers and marketing companies litvin, 2006. This person is outgoing and selfconfident in behavior. The chapter discusses the maslows hierarchy of needs, expectancy theory, and the job characteristics model jcm. I conceive this lack of sound facts to be due primarily to the absence of a valid theory of motivation. Aug 01, 2006 stanley plogs model of allocentricity and psychocentricity, a seminal tourism model, has been widely cited in the tourism literature and is included in virtually every hospitality and tourism text. Failed justification of the fact that tourists travel based on different motivations and occasions.
Chapter 1 mcclellands human motivation theory the aim of mcclellands human motivation theory is to identify which of his three main motivators achievement, affiliation and power is the dominant one for the individuals in your team. Plogs theory of allocentric and psychocentric traveler types was the basis in this study which deals. Pdf plogs model of typologies of tourists oliver cruz. Intrinsicmotivationistheselfdesiretoseekout newthingsandnewchallenges,toanalyzeonescapacity,toobserveandtogainknowledge.
By offering empowerment, titles and other related tokens, people can be motivated for doing their work. Pdf stanley plogs model of allocentricity and psychocentricity, a seminal. According to plog, destinations rise and fall in popularity because they appeal to specific types of tourists over time, and follow a relatively predictable pattern of growth and decline in popularity. Since that time i have further refined the concept and the questions that make up the psychographic scale used to dif stanley c. Plogs theory of allocentric and psychocentric traveler types was the basis in this study which deals with psychological side of tourism behaviour and travel motivation factors when traveler chooses the destination. Within a tourism context, stanley plog 1972 developed a model to examine. Drivereduction theory when the instinct theory of motivation failed to explain most human motivation, it was replaced by the drivereduction theory. Job satisfaction, motivation, and reward systems are included in one area of organizational theory. One of the bestknown models in the travel and tourism field is one proposed by stanley plog. These theories are all, at least, partially true, and all help to explain the behavior of certain people at certain times. The relation between motivation and personality types. Plog s psychographic classification of tourists and travel motivation are given below.
This motivation could well be referred as the first element for tourism. Maslows hierarchy of needs theory is the best known motivation theories. Motivation theory has been around since the 1940s, although it is only in recent times that its relationship to the work environment, and specifically leadership, has been recognised. The research objective is to gain attention to the relevance of theories of motivation in retail business.
Plogs tourist types plog s tourism typology plogs tourist types plogs tourist types allocentric enjoy traveling independently, cultural exploration, often in aboveaverage income groups, seek adventurous experiences on holiday. A generational exploration of psychographic characteristics related to vacation recreation activity preferences a thesis presented to the faculty of the department of the graduate school east carolina university in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree m. Relevance of theories of motivation in retail business. This knowledge enables you to tailor your approach specifically to give them what they need. There could be a switch in focus from intrinsic to extrinsic motivation. Sage reference plogs model of typologies of tourists. This paper attempts to examine the two popular cited theories in tourism studies, psychographic tourist typology by stanley plog and the tourism area life cycles talc by richard butler, which have been widely accepted and applied by scholars worldwide and have retained their relevance more than three decades as the pioneer concepts in tourism. The relation between motivation and personality types author. Plog classifies tourists into three categories as described below allocentric the wanderers. In this motivation theory, the arousal is used for keeping the people. This article operationalizes and empirically tests isoaholas theory for similar tourism and recreation experiences. In either case, the next element was movement of the mankind. Expectancy theory has some important implications for motivating employees. A tourist who seeks new experiences and adventure in a wide range of activities.
Travel motivations can fit well into maslows hierarchy of. The life cycle of a destination depends largely on the kind of people it attracts. Modeling isoaholas motivation theory in the tourism context. According to this theory, people are motivated by the greed for power, achievement and affiliation. The motivation dimensions are monitored using scenariobased data for sporting events, beaches, amusement parks, and natural parks.
The model provides guidelines for enhancing employee motivation by altering the individuals efforttoperformance expectancy, performancetoreward expectancy, and reward valences. Plog was one of the great research minds, tourism theorists, and tourism. Plogs model of tourists behavior in tourism management. Plog s psychographics model was the first model to segment travelers into five different types i. Stanley plogs model of allocentricity and psychocentricity, a seminal tourism model, has been widely cited in the tourism literature and is included in virtually every hospitality and tourism text. Internal factors arouse, direct, and integrate a persons behavior and influence his decisions for travelling. Description theories within tourism can be difficult, even confusing areas to understand. His family life and his experiences influenced his. Developed from the successful portuguese textbook teoria do turismo, tourism theory provides clear and thorough coverage of all aspects of tourism theory for students and researchers of tourism. A visitor who looks for new encounters and experience in an extensive variety of exercises. The push and pull concept is another line of travel motivation, while plog s allocentrism. A theory of human motivation 4 it is far easier to perceive and to criticize the aspects in motivation theory than to remedy them. At the same time, it has been scrutinized by a host of critics who questioned aspects of the models applicability and validity. Expectancy theory proposes a causal relationship between expectancy attitudes and motivation.
Plog did most of his work in the private sector, but published several books on travel, and was also the author of work on travel motivations and destination life cycles which is still widely cited and discussed. The paper offers an invaluable practical interpretation of travel motivation and related management issues. A test of plogs allocentricpsychocentric model citeseerx. Values are incentives or reasons for engaging in an activity. Both cohens 1972 and plog s 1973 theories have been tested, but with varied success and have not met with universal acceptance. The strongest influence in this area is motivation because it overlaps into both of the other two components. An allocentric person prefers to fly and to explore new and unusual areas before others do so. Motivation of the tourists stems from the domain of human psychology. The theory parts also focus on the things that passengers focus on in a new destination and decision.
The chapter applies maslows hierarchy of needs theory to travel motivational theory. Plog is the architect of tourist definitions widely accepted within the travel and tourism industry. Theories of motivation an attempt is made in this chapter to bring a theoretical base for motivation. Victor vrooms expectancy theory of motivation an evaluation. Stanley plogs 1974 seminal work why destinations rise and fall in. Dec 22, 2008 theories of motivation models early theories contemporary theories human relations model scientific mgmt content theories process theories ma s lows need hierarchy theory herzberg two factor theory alderfers erg theory achievement motivation theory.
These included, motivational theories from well known authors such as maslow and pearce. Motivation, its types, and its impacts in language learning. Consisting of five sections and over fifty entries, this book covers nine of the most important. Intrinsic motivation is the eagerness and interest to do and take part in some certain activities. A physiological need creates an aroused tension state a drive that motivates an organism to satisfy the need hull, 1951. He was an american psychologist and is known for his concept maslows hierarchy of needs, he is considered the founder of humanistic psychology. Tourist motivations a theoretical intr oduction to tourism. Abraham maslow the founder of humanistic psychology 2.
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